Psychology Chapter 8 Essay Example

Psychology Chapter 8 Paper They infer mental processes from observable behaviors. How do cognitive psychologists study mental processes? (Answer on P.301) Those images required larger degrees of rotation. While participating in an image rotation study, you responded very slowly to some items that shared certain characteristics. What is the likely reason for these slow responses? (Answer on P.302) Visual imagery activates brain areas related to the sport. How do researchers explain the effectiveness of mental imagery as an adjunct to athletes preparation for competition? (Answer on P.303) Concepts. Don can tell Ray about his sports car because Ray understands common characteristics of sports cars and what makes them different from family cars. Thus Ray is using mental categories called: (Answer on P.303) More complicated and not as clearly defined. Compared to artificial concepts learned in the laboratory, natural concepts tend to be: (Answer on P.304) Prototypes. Most college students in the U.S. probably think of football or basketball when sports are mentioned, rather than soccer or luge. Thus, football and basketball would serve as ________ for sports. (Answer on P.304) Needed operations, final product, and starting point. What are the three characteristics of well-defined problems? (Answer on P.305) Algorithm. What term might a cognitive psychologist use to describe the formula for calculating the square yards of carpet needed to cover the bedroom floor? (Answer on P.305) Heuristics. What problem-solving strategies dont guarantee solutions but make efficient use of time? (Answer on P.306) Knowing how to collect and organize information. Compared to non-experts, psychologists have found that expert problem solvers are especially proficient at: (Answer on P.306) Setting Subgoals. You have a term paper due in a month. For the first week, you decide to find 10 references, read them in the second week, develop an outline in the third week, and write the paper during the fourth week. What problem-solving approach are you using? (Answer on P.306) Rigidity. What term do we use for the tendency to rely too heavily on past experience in solving problems? (Answer on P.306) Set Effect. You have worked at the same job for five years and always drive home using the same route. A new street is built that would shorten your trip but you continue to use the same route. What problem-solving block are you experiencing? (Answer on P.307) Confirmation Bias. John is trying to figure out what is wrong with his car. He thinks there is a problem with the fuel injection system so he hasnt checked if there might be another malfunction before he takes it to the dealer. Which error may John be committing? (Answer on P.310) They used the representativeness heuristic. Pat is a psychologist who works with defense attorneys in formulating questions during jury selection. Many prospective jurors think Pat is an attorney because he is male, dresses in a three-piece suit, writes on a legal pad, and has a good command of language. What decision-making process did the prospective jurors use? (Answer on P.310) Availability Heuristic. After hearing about a horrible airline crash that killed 250 people, Jim cancels his airplane reservations because he feels it is too risky to fly. Instead, he decides to drive across the country. What decision-making process was involved in Jims decision? (Answer on P.311) They will travel for a blender regularly selling for $55 but on sale for $50. A psychologist presents people with situations involving the purchase of a blender and a suit. He wants to know if they would be willing to drive 20 minutes in order to save some money. What decisions are people most likely to make in these situations? (Answer on P.312) They will make risk-averse decisions and select Procedure A. A surgeon is reviewing the chances of success for two surgical procedures and says that if Procedure A is used, the chances of survival are 35%. If Procedure B is used, the chances of failure are 65%. What will patients tend to do when faced with this type of information? (Answer on P.312) There is a low to moderate positive relation between the two. What is the relation between intelligence and creativity? (Answer pn P.312) Divergent. What type of thinking could be described as taking different directions in search of a variety of answers to a question? (Answer on P. 314) The effectiveness of different motivators varies with the individual and the degree to which it is task-focusing versus goal-focusing. The town council asked a sculptor to create a work in celebration of the towns 100th anniversary. Some members of the council want to offer a large monetary sum; others believe money will detract from the quality of the art. What advice might a psychologist offer members of the council? (Answer on P.315) Phonemes. You are learning Russian in preparation for a trip next summer. Although you are doing a good job recognizing the written signs, you are having trouble with the sounds of the Russian language. Which of the following aspects of language is giving you trouble? (Answer on P.319) Morphemes. What are the basic units of meaning in a language? (Answer on P.319) 2 Months. At what age do children engage in cooing? (Answer on P.319) Telegraphic Speech. A young child says Mommy go, signifying that her mother is going to the store. What does this example illustrate about language development? (Answer on P.319) Imitation and Reinforcement. How would B. F. Skinner account for the acquisition of language? (Answer on P.319) They use facial expressions and pantomimes of emotions. How do people who use American Sign Language place emphasis in their sentences? (Answer on P.322) Bart, who is deaf, was born to hearing parents who encouraged him to learn ASL. Which of the following describes the typical background and experience for a deaf person today? (Answer on P.322) Sarah, who is 12 years old. Which person would probably have the easiest time learning a second language? (Answer on P.321) Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis. What do we call the hypothesis that language influences what we think? (Answer on P.323) Doublespeak. What do we call language that is purposely designed to make the bad seem good, turn a negative into a positive, or avoid responsibility? (Answer on P.323) Euphemism. What term is used to describe an inoffensive word or phrase used in place of an unacceptable or offensive one? (Answer on P.324) The stories will not have many women. What effect will hearing a story in which all of the pronouns are he or him have on the stories children write immediately after hearing the story? (Answer on P.325) Objective measure of a sample of behavior collected using well-established procedures. Which of these is the best description of a psychological test? (Answer on P.327) The process of thinking. Compared to Americans, the descriptions of intelligence offered by the Japanese place greater emphasis on: (Answer on P.327) Facilitates harmonious group relations and participates in family life. You are reading written descriptions of definitions of intelligence from around the world. Which of the following might you think had come from people in African countries such as Kenya? (Answer on P.327) Francis Galton. I believe that differences in levels of intellectual ability are due to hereditary factors and that these differences can be measured. Who am I? (Answer on P.328) Intelligence. The ability to excel in a number of tasks, especially those related to success in schoolwork, is a common American definition of: (Answer on P.328) To select those children who could benefit from classes for slow learners. What was the original purpose of the first well-established test of intelligence? (Answer on P.328) The childs performance is similar to the average of eight-year-old children. What could we conclude if we know that a child obtained a mental age of eight on a standard test of intelligence? (Answer on P.329) 91. You test an 11-year-old child and find she has a mental age of 10. What is her IQ? (Answer on P.329) Performance and Verbal. What two categories of subtests make up the Wechsler intelligence tests? (Answer on P.330) Reliable. Psychological tests that yield relatively consistent results are said to be: (Answer on P.331) Valid. A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be; (Answer on P.331) Content Validity. An academic test that reflects the material it intends to assess is said to have: (Answer on P.331) Predictive Validity. A test that estimates whether a person will succeed at a particular task is said to have: (Answer on P.331) Standardization. When you took your college entrance exam, students across the country took the same test at the same time with the same instructions. What characteristic of a good psychological test do these similarities reflect? (Answer on P.332) Norms. What are scores obtained by a relatively large sample of people on the same psychological test? (Answer on P.332) Normal Curve. Many human characteristics such as height are distributed so the majority of scores fall in the middle, with fewer extreme scores. What do we call this type of distribution? (Answer on P.333) Exceptional. What term designates children with learning disabilities, behavior and emotional disorders, sensory and physical handicaps, communication disorders, or intellectual differences? (Answer on P.333) She may be mentally retarded but further evaluation is needed. Ten-year-old Myra was evaluated by a psychologist at the State Hospital. She obtained an IQ of 62. What is the psychologist likely to conclude based on this testing? (Answer on P.333) Savant Syndrome. A psychologist tested Brian and found his overall IQ was 45. Yet Brian can add, subtract, multiply, and divide large numbers with lightning speed and consistent accuracy. What term is used for Brians exceptional ability? (Answer on P.334) Autism. Failure to respond to people in socially appropriate ways and serious deficits in language are characteristics of: (Answer on P.336) General intelligence and specific abilities. Charles Spearman believed that intelligence is composed of: (Answer on P.336) Analytical, Creative, and Practical. What three types of intelligence constitute Sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence? (Answer on P.336) Standard tests do not assess the many facets of intelligence. Howard Gardner and Robert Sternberg agree to be interviewed together on the topic of intelligence. At the end of the interview, what would you conclude is their major point of agreement? (Answer on P.338) We can improve the intelligence of the nation if only the brightest people have children. Which of the following summarizes the eugenics movement? (Answer on P.338) 50 60% A group of psychologists reviews the literature on the heritability of intelligence. They conclude that most of the estimates are in what range? (Answer on P.339) Phenylketonuria. Damage from what genetic abnormality can be avoided by modification of diet beginning at birth? (Answer on P.340) The childrens IQ scores had increased. Howard Skeels placed slow and unresponsive children in a home for mentally retarded adolescents for several months. What did he find? (Answer on P.341) A slow but steady rise in performance. What has happened to IQ performance since the 1930s? (Answer on P.341) Confluence Model. What term did Robert Zajonc use to describe the idea that family structure can influence intelligence? (Answer on P.342) Parents with lower IQs tend to have more children than the national average. What finding from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth seems critical in explaining past reports of a relation involving birth order, family size, and intelligence? (Answer on P.342) Heredity; Environment. When we consider intelligence, it is important to remember that although ________ sets limits on a childs potential, it is the ________ that permits that potential to be actualized. (Answer on P.344) African-American students who are told a test measures intelligence as opposed to problem solving obtain lower scores. What evidence does Claude Steele present in support of the stereotype vulnerability hypothesis as it relates to intelligence testing? (Answer on P.344) They failed to distinguish between correlation and causation. What is one criticism of the conclusions offered by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray in The Bell Curve? (Answer on P.345)

The Kingdom of Numbers essays

The Kingdom of Numbers essays This Mathematical story is about a large, flat land called Cartesian Plain, which a group of numbers lived in. However, the problem that they had was that if one number thought that they where big a bigger number always appeared. So, it was impossible to rule for a long time, the time limit would be only a few seconds. Therefore, the reason for this is that numbers are endless. This land had different social curriculums. This means that the positives were considered aristocracy, while the negatives were the peasants of the kingdom. The positives were very unhappy because they didnt want the negatives to be around. This was because they say that they cant add anything to society. The negatives worshiped their own God, while the positives believed it as an anti-God. As the conflict over who is to be king continued, the negatives plot was to take over. However, a mutant was born; the mutant was just more than a number. As the mutant became older he showed no tendency toward the negatives or the positives. Since he never amounted to anything he was called 0. The older he got the more interest he had in politics. He would attend the negative and the positive get-togethers, which where dangerous because the negatives meetings where illegal. Suddenly, thats when his dilemma begins. He was caught and brought to trial for treason and heresy. He had a lawyer named 1,800,000, and the prosecutor was named Pie. However, one of the witnesses said that he saw 0 going to the negative meetings. The lawyer tries to defend 0 by claiming that the square root of 2 is irrational and radical. The judge says that the square root of two is positive, and that he must be heard. The courtroom was in deep silence. .438 presented their demands as negative numbers. He desired an equal right with the positives. They didnt want to be judged by their outward signs, but by their absolute value. If they are rejected th...

It Isnt Easy, No Matter How Easy It Looks

It Isnt Easy, No Matter How Easy It Looks â€Å"Just because I made it here doesn’t mean it was easy. And just because I don’t seem overwhelmed doesn’t mean I’m not.† - Jen Wilde, Queens of Geek Writing is damn hard work. Nobody is a natural. When you see an author who makes it look easy, understand that that author worked their butt off learning grammar, plot, characterization, and flow then how to weave it all together to work. They might not have looked up the word SYNTAX and studied it, but they read enough good books until they could identify and emulate it. Most of writing block is bunk, and most of writing is a struggle. The writing that flows is the oddity, not the norm. Thats why you edit at least once or twice more after you think the story is perfect. The more difficult the writing task, the stronger you build your writing muscle. Your first book should take way longer than your sixth. Yes, youll edit less the more books you write, but you cannot edit No two writers are alike in how they write, how they structure their writing time, or how they come up with ideas. No two writers write with the same pace. Neither is right or wrong. When Im asked how I come up with ideas, how long does it take me to write a book, or when does writing become easier, I am at a loss for words. My answer is: I sit in a chair and write until the writing is done. When you leave the chair before youve accomplished a good days work, youve shortchanged yourself. Youve shirked your responsibility. You write until the writing is done. Until someone asks you how you made it look so easy.

Buddhism Modernist- Colonel Henry Steel Olcott Essay

Buddhism Modernist- Colonel Henry Steel Olcott - Essay Example ork City before later joining the University of Columbia before he could drop out of the university in 1851 when his father’s business failed to raise the required amount to pay for his education. In between 1858 to 1860, Olcott found a placement in the New York tribune where he used to write agricultural articles though he could engage in other topics in his writing for instance he wrote about the lineage of his extended family. Olcott married the daughter of trinity parish priest, Mary Epplee Morgan in 1860, and they were blessed with four children two of whom died while still toddlers. During the American Civil war, Henry Steel Olcott served in the military after which he was assigned with the duties of a special commissioner in the faculty of war in New York. In US army, Olcott attained much admiration and respected from his colleagues, and that led to his promotion as a colonel in the department of the navy in Washington. After the assassinations of the then president, Abraham Lincoln, Olcottwas hired to facilitate in the process of investigating the assassinations, as he was a skillful person in his field. In 1868, he ventured into law where he concentrated with insurance policies and all fraud activities therein. In 1874, Henry Steel Olcott made several publications that entailed the spiritualist movement and in the same year, he met Helena Blavatsky whom they held similar views towards the spiritualist movement. Their union elicited the urge to develop a spiritual, philosophical ideology that led to the establishment of the theosophical society that was a new religious movement. In order to support the new movement, Olcott continued to offer his services as a lawyer and in 1875, he was requested by popular spiritualist to carry out an investigation on Nelson Holmes, who alleged to control the spirit thus making Katie king affluent (Prebish & Keown, 2013). Since the inception of the society, Olcott continued to preside over the leadership of the society

A feminist superhero Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

A feminist superhero - Essay Example Frida Kahlo mentored by Iris Marion Young, who is a feminist theorist, under whose feministic argument and glow, the superhero sails. The paper exploits the underlying reasons as to why feminists seek liberation as well as how they seek to get that liberation. Frida Kahlo has the power facing the reality as it is fearless. Though she was born in 1907, as she grew up Frida claimed that she was born in 1910 - the year when the Mexican Revolution begun - so that people would directly associate her with the revolution (Chadwick, 2007). Association with revolution signified her fearlessness and ability to go against the social norms of the time. Empowered with the advice of Irish Marion who was very vocal against the gendered positioning of women as objects, Frida revolted against the predominantly held paternalistic ideologies and beliefs of the time (Ferguson & Nagel, 2009). Further, Frida had the ability to communicate her feelings through paintings she was an artist. â€Å"Look at the society in which you have been born and see the image that women are presented. Aren’t they seen as objects in the society?† Marion would ask Kahlo referring to the domination of women by men. â€Å"I had no choice to be born in such a paternal society where male sex is always considered superior to their female counterparts.† Frida responded naively. â€Å"Use then your artistic work to liberate women from the traditional obscurity and bring them to the fore light of recognition in the society.† This mentor’s advice brought hope to solving the historical stalemate that has traditionally positioned women as objects rather than fellow human beings capable of self-expression and independent opinion (Chadwick, 2007). Walking in the light and mentorship of Young Marion, Frida Kahlo staged a revolution through her living experiences and her artworks. Looking through her artwork and paintings,

Democracy And Freedom | Azerbaijan

Democracy And Freedom | Azerbaijan To begin this paper, I will define what Democracy is and what Freedom is. In this paper, I will illustrate and evaluate the most challengeable inconveniences that Azerbaijan faces, now more present than ever. Then, I will explain why is Freedom and Democracy are hard to obtain in Azerbaijan and what has been done so far to change the existing authoritarian government. Democracy can be defined as a theory, in which the supreme power is established by the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a method of representation. In political theory, democracy depicts a small number of affiliated forms of government and a political philosophy. Democracy comprises two principles- equality and freedom. These principles are portrayed by all citizens being equal before the law, and having equal approach to power where all citizens are promised certain legitimized freedom and liberty, which are mostly protected by a constitution.[1] Freedom can be classified into two concepts: positive freedom and negative freedom. Positive freedom is freedom to do something rather than freedom from interfering. Negative freedom is a content of options that are open for a person or people in general; it is a matter of X being free to be Z. [2] In Azerbaijan, there are varieties of political parties representing diverse ideological and policy stages. In this sense, Azerbaijan has achieved one basic feature of pluralistic democratic politics.[3] Political parties in my country, mostly weak and small, and do not play a main role in national political life. A number of influences lead to this weakness. Azerbaijan is a presidential republic, and the constitutional determination of the presidency has been reinforced by the powerful political persona as I. Aliyev. Politics in general remains highly personalized, with few-high-profile individuals dominating the area. The personalizations of politics have gone further in my country, where Aliyev supporters and pro-government press from a sycophants refrain to praise the president. In this context, the pro-government parties tent to become vehicles for mobilizing support for the president in parliament, while other parties often serve the same purpose for leading opposition politici ans, readily splitting and adjusting to keep up with the regular disputes and divisions that take on a more or less personal level between their leaders. In Azerbaijan, up to date, there are more than 36 political parties: Pro-government parties (like New Azerbaijan Party) have poorly defined ideological or policy profiles advance the careers of stalwarts. It is hard to maintain a powerful doctrine in any key positive improvement towards to democracy and freedom in Azerbaijan. The corrupted police state is well set up between all ranks of society that it looks unbreakable.[6] People are used to perceiving elections and oppose within themselves. This is the idea of the civil proposal with deep scepticism and a sense of desperation. Those who talk about or try to act in favour of transformation are devastating their lives chasing the freedom. For example, Equality Party stated in May 2005, in Azerbaijan national radio, that Ehtiram Jalilov- deputy head of Azerbaijans National Democratic Party became the second opposition activist to die in unexplained circumstances during the upcoming presidential elections. In July 2009, Freedom House published results of research that calculated countrys political rights, civil Liberties, and status. Freedom House argues that with the population of 8,700,000, the score of Political Rights Score is six, Civil Liberties is five and the Status is said to be Not Free. In an Overview, Freedom House declares following, President Ilham Aliyev and the ruling Yeni Azerbaijan Party further marginalized the political opposition and other institutions of democratic accountability in 2008. The governments fierce suppression of media freedom was integral to Aliyevs victory in a controlled presidential election in October.[7] For example, while Azerbaijans constitution promising freedom of speech; the authorities absolutely bound press freedom in reality. Novruzali Mamedov, editor of the newspaper Talyshi Sado had been in state custody since February 2007, initially on a trumped-up charge of resisting arrest, which was then changed to a treason charge, who died in p rison on august 2009.[8] Azerbaijans authorities primarily do not limit educational freedom. However, my elder brother had practiced political pressure in State University of Azerbaijan. That pressure included reported threats to lower my brothers grades when he contributed in opposing political activity. Another example is that my father was disregarded as a teacher in college because of his membership in opposition parties. The government limits freedom of the legislature, especially for opposition parties. Azerbaijans government commands key judicial commissions and there is no indication that the court system is capable of bringing the government to book when it behaves unconstitutionally, or securing citizens rights against arbitrary government action. Although Azerbaijani legislators have approved several laws to enhance freedom of information, the law of the Azerbaijan Republic grants legislative ground for an independent judiciary, in practice judges do not role independently of the executive branch.[9] The judiciary is corrupt, inefficient, and obedient. Incidental arrests and detention are very common, particularly for members of the political opposition. Prisoners are often restrained for long periods before trial, and their access to lawyers is constrained. My military commander Gadir Musayev was victim of Azerbaijans corrupt systems. He was arrested during presidential elections and denied de fend by legal lawyer. As he claims, prison conditions were extreme; with many prisoners suffering from overcrowding and insufficient medical care, he was not given adequate medical care in prison. Azerbaijani authorities refused to allow independent medical treatment offered by a European Union delegation that visited Mamedov in prison in June.Musayev was one of the few lucky political prisoners who were liberated from prison with help of International Human Rights Organization. Corrupt leaders that bound the equality of opportunity control major parts of the economy. As I mentioned earlier, followers of the political opposition face job loss, exile, and dismissal. Public norms and poor economic conditions in Azerbaijan restrict womens professional roles. Domestic violence in Azerbaijan is a crisis; moreover, there are no laws to stop spousal abuse. Women can go to court for violence, but poor social values restrict them from doing it. According to Amnesty International, Azerbaijan is among eight authoritarian countries on the territory of the former USSR.[10] To give a clear view what is authoritarian means I will clarify the authoritarianism. Authoritarianism is a political doctrine supporting the principle of absolute rule: dictatorship, totalitarianism and absolutism. Authoritarianism indicates any political system that concentrates authority in the hands of a leader or small elite. Authoritarian leaders often exercise power arbitrarily and without consideration to existing organizations of law. The freedom to formulate opposition political leagues is either limited or nonexistent in authoritarian regimes.[11] In Azerbaijan, National society institutions weakened, while presidential powers were exceedingly reinforced in 2008. Many themes are off-limits to journalists, who generally practice self-censorship to prevent the dangerous consequences.[12] These include national security issues, excessively powerful or personal attacks on the president, and specific declarations about corruption and criminal businesses activities. At the minimum four journalists, jailed for their professional activity, remain in Azerbaijani prisons. The government disciplines widespread control over electronic media and silences all alternative voices. The authorities stopped broadcasts of BBC on local frequencies from January 1st. The move essentially guarantees a monopoly for state-controlled media and prevents any independent news broadcasts from reaching the Azeri people.[13] Corruption is one of the main problems obstructing democratic growths in Azerbaijan. Efforts to improve the situation on a legislative level fail at the application phase, as the state agencies authorized to conduct anti corruption activity are believed to be among the most corrupt agencies in the country. However, the countrys government reinforced its rule by elevating a prohibition from a third term presidency, which may lead to the life long presidency of Ilham Aliyev. The situation with freedom is estimated to stay poor as the government continues to silence judgmental voices in the country and disregard the international communitys calls for reformations.[14] Government of Azerbaijan wants us to welcome those who are constrained to act by their unlawful rules in order to endure teachers, farmers, law enforcement officers, entry and middle level civil employees, striving businessmen those many souls captured in the net of corruption are as considerably responsible as the very leadership that runs the system. They wish that everyone would suffer enough blame to be helpless of feeling and extracting legitimate moral crime at their outrageous actions. The hidden part of their skilful indoctrination machine works day and night to install into the community the guilty verdict. Nevertheless, the larceny, tyranny, praise, moral putrefaction, mistrust and skepticism are the products of their own deliberate actions, not some certain providence or ancient devastation.

Cell Phones in Schools Essay

Who can work while listening to the incessant ringing of a cell phone? This does not creat an inviting classroom environment for students. Although cell phones would be useful in the event of an emergency, they should not be allowed in schools because of the increased amount of disruptive and social problems. Despite the interruptions, cell phones do provide on advantage. They allow quick communications during times of an emergency; they also enable students to contact their parents at any time for any reason. One example might be: if a student forgot that they have an after school affair to attend for that day, such as a sports practice or tutoring, they could easily notify their parents of the newly needed pick-up time. However, this convenience does not outwiegh the problems cell phones can cause. Disturbances during the school daycan cause students a great distraction. They could ring during class, and students’ attention would divert from the lesson to the phone. Students could want to chat in between classes, causing many tardies. They would also cause a riot if lost or stolen. Besides these factors, allowing cell phones in school could cause an influx of social problems. Kids are already picked on over a number of issues, such as appearances, financial status, etc. If a student is not fortunate enough to afford a cell phone, this would give cause for the other students to tease them. Overall, cell phone use in school might be slightly advantageous in an emergency sitituation, but they should not be allowed because the problems outweigh the benefits by far.